What is Atopic Dermatitis?

Atopic dermatitis, commonly known as eczema, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by dry, itchy, and inflamed patches of skin. It often occurs in individuals with a personal or family history of allergic conditions such as asthma, hay fever, or food allergies. Atopic dermatitis can affect people of all ages, but it is most common in infants and young children.

Symptoms of Atopic Dermatitis

Signs and symptoms of atopic dermatitis/eczema may include:

Dry, scaly, or rough skin
Itching, which can be severe and interfere with sleep
Red or inflamed patches of skin
Thickened or leathery skin (lichenification) due to chronic scratching
Cracks or fissures in the skin, particularly in areas of friction or rubbing
Oozing or crusting of affected areas, especially during flare-ups

Atopic dermatitis tends to occur in “flare-ups” with periods of exacerbation followed by periods of remission.

Causes of Atopic Dermatitis

The exact cause of eczema is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and immune system factors. Possible triggers for atopic dermatitis include:

Genetics: Individuals with a family history of atopic dermatitis, asthma, or allergic conditions are at higher risk.
Skin Barrier Dysfunction: Defects in the skin barrier that allow moisture to escape and irritants to penetrate the skin.
Immune System Dysregulation: Abnormal immune responses to environmental triggers such as allergens or irritants.
Environmental Factors: Exposure to irritants such as harsh soaps, detergents, wool, or synthetic fabrics, as well as changes in temperature or humidity.
Allergens: Exposure to allergens such as dust mites, pet dander, pollen, or certain foods may trigger or exacerbate flare-ups in some individuals.

Treatment for Atopic Dermatitis

Treatment for eczema aims to relieve symptoms, reduce inflammation, and prevent flare-ups. Treatment options may include:

Emollients and Moisturizers: Regular use of emollients and moisturizers helps hydrate the skin and strengthen the skin barrier.
Topical Corticosteroids: Prescription or over-the-counter corticosteroid creams or ointments can help reduce inflammation and itching during flare-ups.
Topical Calcineurin Inhibitors: Non-steroidal medications such as tacrolimus or pimecrolimus may be prescribed for mild to moderate atopic dermatitis.
Antihistamines: Oral antihistamines may help relieve itching and promote sleep, particularly at night.
Topical Immunomodulators: Prescription medications such as crisaborole or dupilumab may be recommended for moderate to severe atopic dermatitis.
Wet Wrap Therapy: Wrapping affected areas in damp bandages or clothing after applying emollients can help hydrate the skin and reduce inflammation.
Avoidance of Triggers: Identifying and avoiding triggers such as irritants, allergens, or certain foods can help prevent flare-ups.

In some cases, phototherapy (light therapy), systemic medications (oral or injectable), or biologic therapies may be recommended for individuals with severe or refractory atopic dermatitis.

It’s important for individuals with eczema to work closely with a dermatologist near you to develop a personalized treatment plan tailored to their specific needs and preferences.